Is it subjective or a universal truth about what constitutes “good” and “evil”?

It is both subjective and universal truth about what constitutes a good and evil. It is subjective because believing in good and evil is different from person to person, culture to culture, society to society, religion to religion. It mainly depends on one’s point of view. Religious people believe abortion is evil or bad work. However, other people are not agree with them (it depend on the situation). For example, if a fifteen years old girl become pregnant than it would be difficult for her to lead a normal life like other girl at her age. It is also very difficult being a mother at this age because a mother has many responsibilities. In addition, she does not have the ability to fulfill her responsibilities properly because of her age. Beside of this she has to think about her future. Therefore, in this case abortion is a better solution for her. However, the religious people see abortion as an evil or bad activity because for them abortion means committing a murder of a human. Nevertheless, if we see form the girl’s point of view than abortion is a good solution.
Crime, theft, cheating, robbery, rapes all of these are considering as evil activities. People from all over the world no matter where are they from , no matter which religion or culture they follow all of them are agree and believe that rape, kidnap , war all of these are bad or evil activities. In this sense, it is universal truth about what constitutes good and evil.

What is the nature of good?

Every one have different point of view about the nature of good. In general, the good work means not harm anyone physically, mentally or do any kind of activities that can cause damage to anyone. If people do anything that help other people of the society or do any kind of work (without any purpose) only to help others, all of these kinds of activities would be consider as good work. If anyone commit crime or do something that goes against law and you as a person prevent them from their activities than it also consider as a good work. However, it is hard to say exactly what the nature of good is. It could be different from people to people. Because different people grow up in different society, in different culture and they might follow different religion and different law. Therefore, their point of view about the nature of good is also different. For example in Aerobic country ( in Arab) if any one theft and caught, than according to their law the thief will lose (they will cut the thief hands) their hands. Of course if someone steals something than they should get punishment. However, cutting someone hand would be too much punishment. But in their country that is the law and in their eyes this is the good way to prevent any kind of criminal activities. The nature of good is also different to religion point of view. Budhism people believe killing and hunting any kind of animal is a sin and act of evil. There for they avoid meat and fish. However, other religious people for example Muslim People do not have any problem with meat or fish. More over it is one the duty of Muslim’s (only who have the ability) to cut cow, camel, goat or any kind of animal (not pig or any kind of animal like that) in eid. Here we can see two different religion people have totally two different points of view about it. What one groups see as a sin or evil activity, others see the same thing as a duty or good work. Removal of garbage from public place, show path to old, blind, or children, helping poor people through money, food, shelter, or education all of these work is consider as universal good work.

Adolescents and the Media(Informal Tone)

In this essay, the author said parents and paediatricians are so busy with their work that they do not have enough time to ask their children about media nor for themselves to watch it or listen it. Media affect teens in different ways. For example, media violence related to bulling. Media influence teens for suicide, sex, drugs, over eating etc. It also cause attention problem. “According to the first wave of long-term Growing Up in Australia study, infacts are already spending nearly 1.5 hours a day watching television, and 4-5-year-olds are spending about a their total play time(2.1 hours) watching television.’’ This is an example that author gave us to show that how media effect our children and teens. At the beginning he talked about the problems that cause by media and than he discussed and gave some solution of this problem. According to the Royal Australasian College, paediatricians should give more information about how media affect children and give some suggestion to parents in order to solve this kind of problem. They should also talk to the moviemaker so that they (the moviemaker) consider this serious issue. Parents, paediartricians and government have to work together to get rid of this problem.

All of the information that provided by the author made it an excellent piece. Every paragraph of the essay was equally important. Because each of them contain different evidence, statistics information, example. All of this information helps him to prove his point. Its structure was quite different from other three. He used subtitle, which help us to understand each of his point.

Even though he did not use many rhetorical devices, his strong information, and evidence replace that gape. Rhetorical question and repetition mainly used in this piece. “ Finally, both parents and paediatricians need to lobby governments for more funding for research into the crucial areas of how the media affect children and teens, what can be done to maximise pro-social media and protect against harmful media’s influence, better programming for young people, and more funding for media education campaigns and media education programs in schools.’’ Here he repeat the word ‘’for’’. It does not seem very informal to me because the author did not address the audience directly but he used reader inclusion and first person.

Debunking Media Violence (Formal Tone)

At the begining of the writing, the author introduces two groups. One group believe that media violence affect our children and create lots of problem in our society. Moreover, other group does not believe it. People think movies, video games, and cartoons influence children toward violence even though experts not agree with them. For the believer the writer referred to the article of Mr. Faarmer and his report said that, “…a stabbing of a child by an 11-year-old boy after watching the movie "Valentine.” The four major American public health groups blamed the media for creating and continuing violence and said, “…the effects of violence in the media are both measurable and long lasting.’’ To solve these problems The American Acadmy of Pediatrics suggests that parents should reduce the time for using media and should use V-Chipin in their television. As the writer go through the eassy he used examples and described why people think and argue that our children are not affect by media violence. Researchers have found that it (media violence) does have an effect on children but it is very small and only effect for a short term. All of his argument for believer and nonbeliever contains facts that are strong and well organized.

Even though this piece was written in formal tone it seems more informal. For a formal tone author does not address the audience directly. However, in this essay he addressed them directly. For example, he said, “Even if you don't believe the argument that violence in the media doesn't cause any problems with our children, you need to take matters into your own hands’’. The structure of the essay seems like a report because it has sub heading.

This piece did not have many rhetorical devices. However, it had lots of example that makes it more stylish, powerful, and interesting. Rhetorical question was most common device that was use. At the end, he used rhetorical question, “So does media violence have an effect on our society?’’. By asking this question, he engaged the audience to think about this serious issue. He could improve this essay by using more rhetorical devices and statistics information

Media Vilonce-Informal Tone

Even though this essay was a bit longer, it contains lots of example with details information that makes it better than the previous one. At the beginning of the essay, the author gave statistic evidence, which shows us how media affect the students of American colleges and universities. He provides information that said ,“…. 20 American colleges and universities found that a hundred percent of them had played games before going off to college and that on average college students spend more time each week playing games that reading recreationally, watching television, or going to the movies’’. Through this essay he said violence exist in every society in the world. Media is a part of our society and we cannot remove it from our society. Moreover, media is not the only source of violence. There are also lots of different source of violence present in our society. There for we have to stop blaming our media for violence.
From the definition of informal tone, we know the author addressed the audience directly. However, in this essay professor Jenkins addressed the audience only for a few times. He mainly used anecdote, contractions, and rhetorical question that are the characteristic of informal tone. There for it is clear, that he used informal tone. Each of his paragraphs is almost equally important and he successfully used the informal tone through his paragraphs.
The essay was clear in thoughts and well organized. It was riches with different rhetorical and literary devices, which made it stronger, affective, and attractive to the readers. The author mainly used repetition, allusion, rhetorical question, anecdote, cause and effect. In the essay Jenkins said, “Our culture tells lots of different stories about violence for lots of different reasons for lots of different audiences in lots of different contexts’’. This is an example of repetition and here he repeats the word “ lots of different’’. He also allude to different well know stories and books name and historical events such as,“…the poison apple in Snow White to the hunter who shoots Bambi's mother, from Captain Hook's hook to the cobra that threatens to crush Mowgali in The Jungle Book and that's just to stick with the Disney canon’’. The American Academy of Pediatries information said, cartoon that was released between 1937 and 1999 all of them contain violence .According to their definition of violence all of those books(Snow White ,the Jungle Book etc) contain violence there for this books must be removed from our society. Which is not a good idea because if we do so than we will loose our literary background.

Media Violence-Formal Tone

The author used facts, strong evidence and statistic information. The author used researcher’s conclusion and statistic information to show that how television violence affects children behavior and how they are related to their future actives. The author used Mark Lefkowitz and E.D. McCarthy information as an evidence. Mark Lefkowitz (who study more than 10 years) information said that, “the television habits an 8 year old acquires would influence him to have aggressive behavior throughout his childhood and into adolescence’’ and E.D. McCarthy said that, “viewing violence on television directly related to fights, conflicts, and delinquency’’. The author also provides information how television violence affect people at their different age. The author specifically said the age for boys and girls and explained the affect of television violence on them. The author also said why and how it is hard to say the affect of television violence on its viewers. These are some reason that makes the essay more effective and content to its reader. The author used easy word and well-known evidences, which help him/her to make it more engaging to the reader.
The author used formal tone through his/her essay. In a formal writing the author does not addressed the audience directly. Even though the author used different rhetorical and literary devices through his /her essay, he/she did not use anecdote and reader inclusion. Therefore, we can say the author defiantly used formal tone through his/her essay.
The author used different rhetorical and literary devices .At the beginning of the essay the author mainly used allusion, rhetorical question and definition. The author said, “Would it corrupt them, or make them more able to deal with the real world around them? Would it change their behavioral patterns? Would it help or hinder their development?’’. This is an example of rhetorical question. The author also used the definition of violence,” Any overt depiction of the use of physical force, or the credible threat of such force, to intend to physically harm an animated being or group of beings’’ to make it easy for the reader.

Reflection

Writing a persuasive piece is difficult for many reasons. One of the reasons could be, some times the author fined it is hard to make the writing interesting to the reader and catching their attention through the writing. In a writing the author start their paragraph with a topic sentence .Than they explain their topic sentence and support their argument by giving strong evidence (like statistic information and information that contain facts).But some times it is very hard to gather information that contain strong evidences, which are necessary to support the argument. Beside of this if the author does not have basic idea about their topic than it would be really hard for them to write it.
When a topic is give to an author to write a persuasive, the author should make sure they have lots of time to research their topic. First they should gather information about their topic and they should make at least two-draft before writing the main copy. Than they should, re read their writing in order to fix their grammar and spelling error. They have to be careful, during writing so that they can avoid logical fallacies and can use strong evidence. Even though expert’s opinions contain good information, the author has to avoid the expert opinion. They also have to avoid information that can cause reader emotion.
An out line that contains information about the writing will help the student .Information could be something like, how many points should be in each paragraph, how long would be the writing etc. Beside of this if the students have any particular question about their writing they should ask their teacher.